The legislation, which passed Congress almost unanimously, requires the US administration to determine which Chinese officials are responsible for the "arbitrary detention, torture and harassment" of Uighurs and other minorities.
The vote is sure to draw China's ire after Beijing already threatened retaliation against Washington for Trump signing legislation last week supporting Hong Kong pro-democracy protesters.
Inmates are made to undergo months or years of indoctrination and interrogation aimed at transforming them into secular and loyal supporters of the Communist party, which is a far-reaching step since Mao Zedong's cultural revolution of 1966.
China has embarked on an aggressive "Sinification" campaign in recent years with faith groups that were largely tolerated in the past seeing their freedoms shrink under Chinese President Xi Jinping.
